Biodiversité

Vendredi 6 novembre 2009
Les papillons monarques sont des insectes fabuleux. Nous savons a peu près tous que ceux-ci effectuent un voyage de migration de l'Amérique du Nord jusqu'au Mexique lorsque l'hiver approche, pour aller se réfugier pour se procréer dans les forêts de Michoacán, au Mexique.

Sa couleur, sa beauté, son pouvoir polénisateur et son facteur d'équilibre écologique sont prépondérants chez le monarque.

Celui-ci résiste très bien au conditions climatiques. A titre de comparaison, alors que les papillons ont une durée de vie normale de 24 jours, les papillons monarques eux vivent jusqu'à neuf mois, c'est-à-dire, douze fois plus que les autres.


C'est un papillon aux couleurs vives, tant au stade larvaire (chenille) qu'au stade adulte (Imago). Ces couleurs sont supposées être un signal pour d'éventuels prédateurs. Il se rend en effet toxique, en consommant au stade chenille l'asclépiade, l'une de ses deux plantes-hôte qui est toxique. La chenilles et le papillon qu'elle deviendra sont toxiques, et pour cette raison épargnées par les oiseaux et quelques autres prédateurs.






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Samedi 3 octobre 2009
"Vanishing of the Bees, which is being supported by The Co-operative in conjunction with distributors Dogwoof, explores the mysterious disappearance of bees across the planet and the fact that no one knows why their numbers are falling so rapidly. http://www.co-operative.coop/corporat...

New Film Seeks Answer to Mystery of Vanishing Bees by Mike Collett-White

LONDON - A new documentary seeks to unravel the mystery of why billions of honey bees have been disappearing from hives across the United States, and concludes that the chief suspect is pesticides.

"Vanishing of the Bees," which has a limited theatrical release in Britain from next week, follows the fate of a group of U.S. beekeepers hit by Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), which first struck in 2004 and made U.S. headlines three years later.


Countless bees would suddenly vanish, leaving an empty hive but few bodies, and the phenomenon has variously been linked to mites, disease, genetically modified crops, mobile phones and, in the words of one beekeeper, "PPB," or "piss-poor beekeeping."


While the cause has yet to be established, the film suggests there is a link to pesticides, and particularly those applied to seeds as opposed to sprayed on existing plants.


Other factors could also contribute, it added, including the fact that bees are being transported long distances to pollinate single crops, or monocultures, rather than producing honey.

(continue: http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2009/10/02-4)


Trailer

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Dimanche 26 avril 2009

DailyGalaxy.com
March 30,
2009

The Planet's First-ever Mass-Extinction

Precipitated by a Biotic Agent: Humans


Amphibians_2
Should we be alarmed at the current massive die-offs being noted in the animal and plant kingdoms? After all, new species arise and old species die off all the time. Its just nature taking its course, right? Not necessarily. The Earth is now entering the sixth mass extinction event in its four-billion-year history, but what’s different about this die-off is that this is the only such event precipitated by a biotic agent: humans.

The extinction numbers far outweigh the emergence of new species. From a purely selfish perspective, humans should be very concerned. Since we haven’t terraformed Mars yet, we still need a livable ecosystem on this planet in order to survive. As mass extinction occurs, experts say that we end up dealing with serious consequences. Recently, a team of scientists have discovered new information, that indicates things are worse than we previously thought.
 

"There's no question that we are in a mass extinction spasm right now," said David Wake, professor of integrative biology at UC Berkeley. "Amphibians have been around for about 250 million years. They made it through when the dinosaurs didn't. The fact that they're cutting out now should be a lesson for us."


A recent study supported by The National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health, found that nearly all of the amphibian species that inhabit the peaks of the Sierra Nevada are threatened. Wake and Vance Vredenburg, research associate at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at UC Berkeley and assistant professor of biology at San Francisco State University discovered that for two of these species, the Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged Frog and the Southern Yellow-legged Frog, populations over the last few years declined by 95 to 98 percent, even in highly protected areas such as Yosemite National Park. This means that each local frog population has dwindled to 2 to 5 percent of its former size! Originally, frogs living atop the highest, most remote peaks seemed to thrive, but recently, they are also dying off.


In an article published online this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers argue that substantial die-offs of amphibians and other plant and animal species force us to accept that a new mass extinction is facing the planet.


Frogs are certainly not the only victims in this mass extinction, Wake noted. Many other scientists studying other organisms are discovering similarly dramatic effects.


Over 10,000 scientists in the World Conservation Union have compiled data showing that currently 51 per cent of known reptiles, 52 per cent of known insects, and 73 per cent of known flowering plants are in danger along with many mammals, birds and amphibians. It is likely that some species will become extinct before they are even discovered, before any medicinal use or other important features can be assessed. The cliché movie plot where the cure for cancer is about to be annihilated is more real than anyone would like to imagine.


"Our work needs to be seen in the context of all this other work, and the news is very, very grim," Wake said.


As of yet, there is no consensus among the scientific community about when exactly the current mass extinction started, notes Wake. It may have been 10,000 years ago, when humans first came from Asia to the Americas and hunted many of the large mammals to extinction. It may have started after the Industrial Revolution, when the human population exploded. Or, we might be seeing the start of it right now. But whatever the start date, empirical data clearly show that extinction rates have dramatically increased over the last few decades.


Peter Raven, past President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, states in the foreword to their publication AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment, "We have driven the rate of biological extinction, the permanent loss of species, up several hundred times beyond its historical levels, and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all species by the end of the 21st century."


The causes of biocide are a hodge-podge of human environmental “poisons” which often work synergistically, including a vast array of pollutants and pesticides that weaken immunity and make plants and animals more susceptible to microbial and fungal infections, human induced climate change, habitat loss from agriculture and urban sprawl, invasions of exotic species introduced by humans, illegal and legal wildlife trade, light pollution, and man-made borders among other many other causes.


Is there a way out? The answer is yes and no. We’ll never regain the lost biodiversity-at least not within a fathomable time period, but there are ways to help prevent what many experts believe is a coming worldwide bio collapse. The eminent Harvard biologist Edward O Wilson has wisely noted that the time has come to start calling the "environmentalist view" the "real-world view". We can’t ignore reality simply because it doesn’t conform nicely within convenient boundaries and moneymaking strategies. After all, what good will all of our conveniences do for us, if we keep generating them in ways that collectively destroy the necessities of life?


Posted by Rebecca Sato.

Related Galaxy posts:


Exponential Technologies: Cheer Up World—We Are On the Verge of Great Things

The World's Largest & Deepest Lake, 25-million-Years Old, is in Trouble: A Galaxy Exclusive

* Portions of this post are extracts from a UC Berkeley press release.

Sources:
http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageNavigator/SACKLER_Biodiversity

http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2008/08/12_extinction.shtml

http://progressive.atl.playstream.com/nakfi/progressive/Sackler/sackler_12_07_07/david_wake/david_wake.htmlhttp://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/03/experts-say-the.html


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Samedi 18 avril 2009

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Vendredi 17 avril 2009
This is an excerpt from Seeding Deep Democracy [ http://www.youtube.com/watc... ], in which Vandana Shiva explains how seed banks across India have saved farmers from debt and suicide.

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Mardi 7 octobre 2008


Ligue de Protection des Oiseaux (LPO)
Mardi 30 septembre 2008

 
 Lors de sa Conférence mondiale*, BirdLife International, dont la LPO est le représentant officiel en France, a présenté son nouveau rapport sur l’Etat des populations d’oiseaux dans le monde**. Cette publication montre le rôle capital des oiseaux comme indicateurs de l’état de la biodiversité, souligne la baisse de leurs effectifs mondiaux et présente les raisons de ce déclin ainsi que les solutions pour y remédier.


Les oiseaux : de précieux indicateurs de biodiversité

Les 10 000 espèces d’oiseaux répertoriées dans le monde sont nos yeux et nos oreilles : ils sont présents et visibles au quotidien pratiquement partout, à terre, en mer et dans quasiment tous les milieux. Ils sont donc un baromètre précis et pratique de la répartition de la biodiversité et du changement de l’environnement mondial.

Un déclin généralisé de l’avifaune

Aujourd’hui, une espèce d’oiseau sur huit est menacée d’extinction (1 226 espèces) et 190 sont « En danger critique d’extinction ». Les espèces les plus menacées sont celles de grande taille ou aux faibles taux de reproduction, comme les albatros (82 %), les grues (60 %), les perroquets (27 %), les faisans (23 %) et les pigeons (20 %).

Les espèces d’oiseaux communs sont également fortement menacées. Ainsi, en Europe, depuis 26 ans, près de la moitié (45 %) d’entre elles subissent un déclin (soit 56 espèces sur 124 étudiées). Les populations de la tourterelle des bois Streptopelia turtur ont, par exemple, diminué de 62 % sur cette période. La situation est également difficile pour les oiseaux des régions agricoles, comme le bruant proyé, qui a reculé de plus de 60 % entre 1982 et 2005, et l’outarde canepetière qui a subi un déclin de 90 % durant ces trente dernières années.

Des menaces d’origine humaine

L’expansion et l’intensification des industries agro-alimentaires et halieutiques, l’exploitation forestière, la colonisation des espèces invasives, la pollution, la surexploitation des oiseaux sauvages et le changement climatique constituent des menaces majeures. Les causes de déclin sont également plus profondes : les systèmes économiques qui ne reconnaissent pas l’immense valeur de la nature, les déséquilibres mondiaux en terme de puissance et de richesse, la destruction des ressources naturelles, une démographie et une consommation individuelle en constante augmentation.

Des solutions pour sauver l’avifaune et la biodiversité dans son ensemble

- soutenir d’avantage les travaux de conservation ;

- s’assurer que les engagements internationaux en faveur de la biodiversité sont rapidement mis en pratique ;
- mettre en place une bonne gouvernance environnementale ;

- investir plus et mieux ;

- rattacher la protection de la biodiversité à la subsistance et au bien-être des peuples ;

- développer d’importants groupes d’intérêts pour conduire au changement, comme le font BirdLife et ses représentants dans le monde (c’est le cas de la LPO en France);

- protéger les 10 000 Zones Importantes pour la Conservation des Oiseaux ;

- initier d’avantage de programmes en faveur des espèces menacées…

Bien que les gouvernements du monde se soient engagés à stopper la perte de biodiversité d’ici 2010, un oiseau sur huit est aujourd’hui menacé d’extinction et près de la moitié des oiseaux communs européens sont en déclin. La frilosité des grands mondiaux à engager des sommes souvent insignifiantes au regard de leur budget national indique également que cet objectif ne sera vraisemblablement pas atteint.

Allain Bougrain Dubourg
Président de la LPO

http://www.lpo.fr/comm/cpetatdespopulationsoiseauxdansmonde.shtml

Articles/videos:


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Mardi 7 octobre 2008

by Alister Doyle


BARCELONA, Spain - A quarter of the world's mammals are threatened with extinction, an international survey showed on Monday, and the destruction of habitats and hunting are the major causes.

 

[The Caspian Seal (Pusa caspica) moved from vulnerable to endangered. Its population has declined by 90% in the last 100 years due to unsustainable hunting and habitat degradation and is still decreasing Photograph: Simon Goodman/IUCN] The Caspian Seal (Pusa caspica) moved from vulnerable to endangered. Its population has declined by 90% in the last 100 years due to unsustainable hunting and habitat degradation and is still decreasingPhotograph: Simon Goodman/IUCN
The report , the most comprehensive to date by 1,700 researchers, showed populations of half of all 5,487 species of mammals were in decline. Mammals range in size from blue whales to Thailand's insect-sized bumblebee bat.

 


"Mammals are declining faster than we thought -- one in four species is threatened with extinction worldwide," Jan Schipper, who led the team, told Reuters of the report issued in Barcelona as part of a "Red List" of threatened species.


He said threats were worst for land mammals in Asia, where creatures such as orang utans are suffering from deforestation. Almost 80 percent of primates in the region were under threat.

Click here to see additional photos.




Of the 4,651 mammals for which scientists have data, 1,139 species were under threat of extinction. Schipper said the data was far broader than the previous review of mammals in 1996.


Threats to species including the Tasmanian Devil, an Australian marsupial, the Caspian seal or the fishing cat, found in Asia, were among those to have worsened. At least 76 mammals have gone extinct since 1500.


"Within our lifetime hundreds of species could be lost as a result of our own actions," said Julia Marton-Lefevre, director general of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), which compiles the Red List and is meeting in Spain.


IBERIAN LYNX


Of the 2008 total, 188 were listed as "critically endangered," the worst category before extinction, including the Iberian lynx of which there are just 84-143 adults left. Cuba's rat-like little earth hutia has not been seen in 40 years.


Habitat loss and hunting -- for everything from food to medicines -- "are by far the main threats to mammals," Schipper and his team wrote in the journal Science. "The population of one in two is declining," they said.


Among other threats, global warming blamed by the U.N. Climate Panel on human use of fossil fuels, was hitting species dependent on Arctic sea ice such as the polar bear.


But the report, issued during an Oct 5-14 IUCN congress, was not all gloom. Five percent of species were recovering because of conservation efforts, including the European bison and the black-footed ferret, found in North America.


The African elephant was also moved down one notch of risk, to "near threatened" from "vulnerable," because of rising populations in southern and eastern Africa.


And a total of 349 species have been found since 1992, such as the elephant shrew in Tanzania, it said. Schipper said some species may be vanishing before they are even described.


The report focused on mammals but the situation for some other types of animals and plants is even worse, according to the IUCN, comprising governments and conservation organizations.


An updated "Red List" said that 16,928 species, or 38 percent, were threatened out of a total of 44,838. Among animals most at risk are amphibians, such as frogs and toads.


Schipper said governments urgently needed to work out ways to protect life on earth. "Conservation action backed by research is a clear priority," he said.


Editing by Janet Lawrence


http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2008/10/06-4

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Vendredi 4 juillet 2008

Commondreams


by Ian Sample


Endangered species may become extinct 100 times faster than previously thought, scientists warned today, in a bleak re-assessment of the threat to global biodiversity.

0703 04 1

Writing in the journal Nature, leading ecologists claim that methods used to predict when species will die out are seriously flawed, and dramatically underestimate the speed at which some plants and animals will be wiped out.


The findings suggest that animals such as the western gorilla, the Sumatran tiger and the Malayan sun bear, the smallest of the bear family, may become extinct much sooner than conservationists feared.


Ecologists Brett Melbourne at the University of Colorado at Boulder and Alan Hastings at the University of California, Davis, said conservation organisations should use updated extinction models to urgently re-evaluate the risks to wildlife.


“Some species could have months instead of years left, while other species that haven’t even been identified as under threat yet should be listed as endangered,” said Melbourne.


The warning has particular implications for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, which compiles an annual “red list” of endangered species. Last year, the list upgraded western gorillas to critically endangered, after populations of a subspecies were found to be decimated by Ebola virus and commercial trade in bush meat. The Yangtze river dolphin was listed as critically endangered, but is possibly already extinct.


The researchers analysed mathematical models used to predict extinction risks and found that while they included some factors that are crucial to predicting a species’ survival, they overlooked others. For example, models took into account that some animals might die from rare accidents, such as falling out of a tree. They also included chance environmental threats, such as sudden heatwaves or rain storms that could kill animals off.


But Melbourne and Hastings highlighted two other factors that extinction models fail to include, the first being the proportion of males to females in a population, the second the difference in reproductive success between individuals in the group. When they factored these into risk assessments for species, they found the danger of them becoming extinct rose substantially.


“The older models could be severely overestimating the time to extinction. Some species could go extinct 100 times sooner than we expect,” Melbourne said.


The researchers showed that the missing factors - the number of males to females, and variations in the number of offspring - were capable of causing unexpected, large swings in the size of a population, sometimes causing it to grow, but also increasing the risk that a population could crash and become extinct.


To test the new models, Melbourne’s team studied populations of beetles in the laboratory. “The results showed the old models misdiagnosed the importance of different types of randomness, much like miscalculating the odds in an unfamiliar game of cards because you didn’t know the rules,” he said.


For some endangered species, such as mountain gorillas, conservationists could collect data on specific individuals and plug them into models to predict their chances of survival. “For many other species, like stocks of marine fish, the best biologists can do is to measure abundances and population fluctuations,” Melbourne added.


Craig Hilton-Taylor, who manages the IUCN red list in Cambridge, said extinction estimates are often inadequate. “We are certainly underestimating the number of species that are in danger of becoming extinct, because there are around 1.8 million described species and we’ve only been able to assess 41,000 of those,” he said.


The latest study could help refine models used to decide which species are put on the red list, he said. “We are constantly looking at how we evaluate extinction risk, and it may be they have hit on something that can help us,” he said.


More than 16,000 species worldwide are currently threatened with extinction, according to a 2007 report from the IUCN. One in four mammal species, one in eight bird species and one in three amphibian species are on the organisation’s red list. An updated list is due to be published in October.


Next week, the IUCN is expected to highlight the dire state of the world’s corals after surveying the condition of more than 1,000 species around the world.



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Dimanche 25 mai 2008

UNIVERS NATURE

24-05-2008





84 % des plantes utilisées

pour les biocarburants

menacent la biodiversité


Par Pascal Farcy





Source: www.smh.com.au


A l’heure où l’Union européenne veut imposer 10 % de biocarburant dans les transports, un nouveau rapport apporte (1) un argument supplémentaire aux opposants à ce projet. En effet, à l’occasion de la conférence sur la biodiversité de Bonn, en Allemagne, le Programme Mondial sur les Espèces Invasives (GISP) a présenté une analyse du niveau de risque, en tant qu’espèce invasive potentielle, de l’ensemble des plantes qui sont actuellement utilisées ou pressenties pour produire des agro-carburants.


Sur les 70 plantes recensées, 59 sont considérées comme envahissantes (elles croissent vite et se multiplient facilement) si elles sont introduites dans de nouveaux habitats, 2 le sont très faiblement tandis que 9 ne présentent pas de risque particulier. Or, selon le GISP, peu de pays ont mis en place des procédures appropriées pour évaluer le risque potentiel, et limiter les dégâts si nécessaire.


Pourtant, pour Sarah Simmons, directrice du GISP, les plantes invasives "…sont l’une des principales causes de la perte de biodiversité et constituent une menace pour le bien-être et la santé humaine". Aussi, le GISP appelle les pays à évaluer les risques avant de se lancer dans la culture de nouvelles variétés et à utiliser des espèces à faible niveau de risque.



Si, une fois de plus, ce sont les pays en développement les plus vulnérables, les Etats-Unis dépensent à eux seuls 120 milliards de dollars par an pour tenter de contrôler et de réparer les dégâts occasionnés par plus de 800 espèces invasives (2).


Parmi les plantes les plus envahissantes, on peut citer la canne de Provence (Arundo donax), une plante herbacée actuellement pressentie pour la production d’agro-carburants. Originaire d’Asie mineure, cette plante est déjà considérée comme invasive sur une partie de l’Amérique du Nord, de l’Amérique centrale et de l’Afrique du Sud. Naturellement inflammable, elle accroît le risque d’incendie, tandis que sa consommation d’eau (2 m3 par plante, pour chaque mètre de croissance - elle atteint rapidement 6 à 7  m de haut) l'a fait entrer en compétition avec les besoins des populations locales.


Autres exemples : le palmier à huile africain, utilisé pour la production d’huile incorporée dans le diesel, est devenu envahissant naturellement en plusieurs endroits du Brésil, transformant la forêt d’origine, aux écosystèmes très riches et variés, en un champ uniforme de palmiers à huile.



Face à cette menace, Geoffrey Howard, le coordinateur du programme espèces invasives pour l’IUCN (3), déclare "Mieux vaut prévenir que guérir… Nous devons stopper les invasions avant même qu’elles ne commencent. L’industrie des biocarburants est encore jeune, il est encore temps d’agir préventivement. Ne laissons pas passer cette opportunité".

1- Télécharger le rapport, en anglais.

2- Au niveau mondial, on estime que les dommages causés par les espèces invasives représentent 1 400 milliards de dollars par an, soit 5 % de l’économie mondiale.

3- Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature. Cette organisation est à l’origine de la liste rouge des espèces menacées (végétales et animales) au niveau mondial.
http://www.univers-nature.com/inf/inf_actualite1.cgi?id=3161


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Mardi 11 mars 2008
Au large de l’Australie, la Tasmanie abrite encore de magnifiques forêts primaires.

Ces forêts disparaissent pourtant sous les tronconneuses et les bulldozers au rythme de 44 terrains de football/jour...

Une fois les gros arbres coupés, des hélicoptères lancent des bombes de napalm pour incendier les souches et détruisent toutes la biodiversité végétale comme animale.

Afin de "verdir" les bois issus de ce carnage écologique, les industriels locaux ont eu l’idée de créer un éco-label sans aucun soutien des associations de protection de l’environnement locales... qui dénoncent ces pratiques scandaleuses depuis des années.

Puis, ils ont demandé à l’éco-label PEFC la "reconnaissance mutuelle".

L’objectif ? Gagner en visibilité et en crédibilité, en commercialisant ces bois sous le label PEFC qui est beaucoup plus reconnu en Europe et... PEFC a accepté !

Réalisée par Heidi Douglas cette vidéo montre l’impact de l’exploitation forestière sur la biodiversité. Ce film a reçu le prix "Inspire, Involve, Inform" au festival Earthvision International 2005.


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